Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

Immobilization using external or internal splints is a standard and effective procedure to treat minor skeletal fractures. In the case of major defects caused by extreme trauma, infectious diseases tumors, surgical implantation bone graft from sources required for complete cure. Practical disadvantages, such as risk immune rejection infection at implant site, are high in xenografts allografts. Currently, an autograft iliac crest patient considered “gold standard” method treating large-scale defects. However, this not ideal solution due its limited availability significant reports morbidity harvest site (30%) well implanted (5–35%). Tissue-engineered grafts aim create mechanically strong, biologically viable degradable combining three-dimensional porous scaffold with osteoblast progenitor cells. The materials used tissue-engineered can be broadly divided into ceramic (calcium phosphates) biocompatible/bioactive synthetic polymers. This review summarizes types make scaffolds cryo-preservable distinct methods adopted scaffolds, including traditional fabrication (solvent-casting, gas-foaming, electrospinning, thermally induced phase separation) more recent (fused deposition molding, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, Inkjet 3D printing, laser-assisted bioprinting bioprinting). followed short summation current osteochondrogenic models along mechanical properties vivo applications. We then present few results effects freezing thawing on structural integrity PLLA prepared separation conclude article summarizing regulatory requirements products.